DOI : https://doi.org/10.18517/ijaseit.12.6.17018

Study of the Causative Factors of El-Ghandouri Landslides and their Stabilization Methods

Basheer Sharaf Al Qadami (1), Mostafa Oujidi (2), Houssine Ejjaouani (3), Abdellah Azougay (4), Yassin El Marrakchi (5)
(1) Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed Premier University, Oujda 60032, Morocco
(2) Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed Premier University, Oujda 60032, Morocco
(3) Public Laboratory for Trials and Studies, LPEE, Casablanca 20190, Morocco
(4) Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed Premier University, Oujda 60032, Morocco
(5) Public Laboratory for Trials and Studies, LPEE, Casablanca 20190, Morocco
Fulltext View | Download
How to cite (IJASEIT) :
Al Qadami, Basheer Sharaf, et al. “Study of the Causative Factors of El-Ghandouri Landslides and Their Stabilization Methods”. International Journal on Advanced Science, Engineering and Information Technology, vol. 12, no. 6, Dec. 2022, pp. 2217-25, doi:10.18517/ijaseit.12.6.17018.
Citation Format :
Tangier landslides are considered a common engineering problem throughout the construction of different roads or other engineering works in the north of Morocco. This research paper aims to identify the main causes of landslides in an area with an important tourist site to search for the most appropriate engineering solutions. Several geotechnical studies were carried out through boreholes up to 30 meters deep to determine the main causes of the landslides. These studies exhibit that the main reason for landslides is the presence of Layers of soil with weak mechanical properties, which are highly affected by rainfall. The limit equilibrium (LE) analysis method and finite element (FE) method was utilized to analyze the stabilities of the EL Ghandowri slopes before excavation, after excavation, and after stabilization treatment of the slopes for construction. The analysis results indicated that the EL Ghandowri slopes, before any excavation, were unstable in their natural state. The reinforced concrete piles' row with anchors and concrete piles cap were the stabilization methods, which give the best safety factor and horizontal deformation results. The soil-structure interaction method (SSIM) and finite element (FE) method were used to calculate the horizontal deformation of piles. The occurrence of EL Ghandouri landslides can be reduced if the main reason is addressed; thus, the problem of Tangier Province landslides, especially EL Ghandouri, should be given big attention throughout the survey and design of the engineering works, not only during the construction.

K. Sabri et al., “Geology and hydrogeochemistry of the thermo-mineral waters of the South Rif Thrust (Northern Morocco),” Geothermics, vol. 78, no. November 2017, pp. 28-49, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.geothermics.2018.11.005.

M. Elmoulat, L. A. Brahim, A. Elmahsani, A. Abdelouafi, and M. Mastere, “Mass movements susceptibility mapping by using heuristic approach. Case study: province of Tí©touan (North of Morocco),” Geoenvironmental Disasters, vol. 8, no. 1, 2021, doi: 10.1186/s40677-021-00192-0.

H. El Talibi, S. El Moussaoui, K. Aboumaria, P. Wassmer, and J. L. Mercier, “Geological evidence of high-energy marine flooding events on the Tangier coastal plain, Morocco,” Euro-Mediterranean Journal for Environmental Integration, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 1-18, 2021, doi: 10.1007/s41207-020-00215-6.

M. Azarafza, H. Akgí¼n, A. Ghazifard, E. Asghari-Kaljahi, J. Rahnamarad, and R. Derakhshani, “Discontinuous rock slope stability analysis by limit equilibrium approaches-a review,” International Journal of Digital Earth, vol. 14, no. 12, pp. 1918-1941, 2021, doi: 10.1080/17538947.2021.1988163.

J. M. Duncan and S. G. Wright, “The accuracy of equilibrium methods of slope stability analysis,” Engineering Geology, vol. 16, no. 1-2, pp. 5-17, 1980, doi: 10.1016/0013-7952(80)90003-4.

Z. Fu, S. Chen, and E. Ji, “Evaluating the active earth pressure exerted by granular soils with nonlinear strength behaviour using the slice-based limit equilibrium method,” Geomechanics and Geoengineering, vol. 00, no. 00, pp. 1-10, 2021, doi: 10.1080/17486025.2021.1928768.

L. Li, Y. Wang, L. Zhang, C. Choi, and C. W. W. Ng, “Evaluation of Critical Slip Surface in Limit Equilibrium Analysis of Slope Stability by Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics,” International Journal of Geomechanics, vol. 19, no. 5, p. 04019032, 2019, doi: 10.1061/(asce)gm.1943-5622.0001391.

O. C. Zienkiewicz, C. Humpheson, and R. W. Lewis, “Associated and non-associated visco-plasticity and plasticity in soil mechanics,” Geotechnique, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 101-102, 1977, doi: 10.1680/geot.1977.27.1.101.

Y. Wei, L. Jiaxin, L. Zonghong, W. Wei, and S. Xiaoyun, “A strength reduction method based on the Generalized Hoek-Brown (GHB) criterion for rock slope stability analysis,” Computers and Geotechnics, vol. 117, no. September 2019, p. 103240, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.compgeo.2019.103240.

Q. X. Meng, H. L. Wang, W. Y. Xu, M. Cai, J. Xu, and Q. Zhang, “Multiscale strength reduction method for heterogeneous slope using hierarchical FEM/DEM modeling,” Computers and Geotechnics, vol. 115, no. June, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.compgeo.2019.103164.

G. Sun, S. Lin, H. Zheng, Y. Tan, and T. Sui, “The virtual element method strength reduction technique for the stability analysis of stony soil slopes,” Computers and Geotechnics, vol. 119, no. November 2019, p. 103349, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.compgeo.2019.103349.

Y. X. Li and X. L. Yang, “Soil-Slope Stability considering Effect of Soil-Strength Nonlinearity,” International Journal of Geomechanics, vol. 19, no. 3, p. 04018201, 2019, doi: 10.1061/(asce)gm.1943-5622.0001355.

A. P. Dyson and A. Tolooiyan, “Prediction and classification for finite element slope stability analysis by random field comparison,” Computers and Geotechnics, vol. 109, no. October 2018, pp. 117-129, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.compgeo.2019.01.026.

X. Liu, G. Cai, L. Liu, and Z. Zhou, “Investigation of internal force of anti-slide pile on landslides considering the actual distribution of soil resistance acting on anti-slide piles,” Natural Hazards, vol. 102, no. 3, pp. 1369-1392, 2020, doi: 10.1007/s11069-020-03971-4.

H. Y. Sun, P. Pan, Q. Lí¼, Z. L. Wei, W. Xie, and W. Zhan, “A case study of a rainfall-induced landslide involving weak interlayer and its treatment using the siphon drainage method,” Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, vol. 78, no. 6, pp. 4063-4074, 2019, doi: 10.1007/s10064-018-1365-8.

J. Ukleja, “Stabilization of landslides sliding layer using electrokinetic phenomena and vacuum treatment,” Geosciences (Switzerland), vol. 10, no. 8, pp. 1-23, 2020, doi: 10.3390/geosciences10080284.

J. Gao et al., “Study on Treatment of Loess Landslide Based on Nanosilica and Fly Ash Composite Stabilizer Filling Fissures,” Advances in Civil Engineering, vol. 2020, no. March 2012, 2020, doi: 10.1155/2020/8884981.

I. Zapico, A. Molina, J. B. Laronne, L. Sí¡nchez Castillo, and J. F. Martí­n Duque, “Stabilization by geomorphic reclamation of a rotational landslide in an abandoned mine next to the Alto Tajo Natural Park,” Engineering Geology, vol. 264, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.enggeo.2019.105321.

Y. Yu, X. Li, X. Pan, and Q. Lí¼, “A robust and efficient method of designing piles for landslide stabilization,” Environmental and Engineering Geoscience, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 481-492, 2020, doi: 10.2113/EEG-2333.

X. Hu, C. Zhou, C. Xu, D. Liu, S. Wu, and L. Li, “Model tests of the response of landslide-stabilizing piles to piles with different stiffness,” Landslides, vol. 16, no. 11, pp. 2187-2200, 2019, doi: 10.1007/s10346-019-01233-4.

M. F. Alam, A. Talukder, and T. A. Jamaluddin, Weathered Rock Slope Stability Assessment and Risk Mitigation Measures—A Case Study from UKM Campus, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia, vol. 1. 2019.

K. Zhang, Failure Mechanism and Stability Analysis of Rock Slope. 2020.

M. Azarafza, H. Akgí¼n, A. Ghazifard, and E. Asghari-Kaljahi, “Key-block based analytical stability method for discontinuous rock slope subjected to toppling failure,” Computers and Geotechnics, vol. 124, no. February, p. 103620, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.compgeo.2020.103620.

M. Sharma, M. Samanta, and S. Sarkar, “Soil nailing: An effective slope stabilization technique,” Advances in Natural and Technological Hazards Research, vol. 50, pp. 173-199, 2019, doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-77377-3_9.

X. Xu and Y. Huang, “Parametric study of structural parameters affecting seismic stability in slopes reinforced by pile-anchor structures,” Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, vol. 147, no. February, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.soildyn.2021.106789.

X. Ye, J. Wu, and G. Li, “Time-dependent field performance of PHC pile-cap-beam-supported embankment over soft marine clay,” Transportation Geotechnics, vol. 26, no. September 2020, p. 100435, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.trgeo.2020.100435.

R. K. Gupta and S. Chawla, “Finite Element Analysis of Micropile Reinforced Subgrade in Railway Tracks,” Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, vol. 85, pp. 751-761, 2020, doi: 10.1007/978-981-15-6086-6_60.

X. R. Duan and J. Zhang, “Numerical method for slope stabilization design with piles,” IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, vol. 861, no. 3, 2021, doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/861/3/032080.

D. S. Xu, Y. Qin, H. F. Pei, F. B. Zhu, and S. S. Zhang, “Influence of cap beam restraint condition on the lateral deformation behavior of large-scale bored piles,” IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, vol. 861, no. 3, 2021, doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/861/3/032096.

C. Li, J. Yan, J. Wu, G. Lei, L. Wang, and Y. Zhang, “Determination of the embedded length of stabilizing piles in colluvial landslides with upper hard and lower weak bedrock based on the deformation control principle,” Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, vol. 78, no. 2, pp. 1189-1208, 2019, doi: 10.1007/s10064-017-1123-3.

Y. Yu, M. Shen, and C. Hsein Juang, “Assessing Initial Stiffness Models for Laterally Loaded Piles in Undrained Clay: Robust Design Perspective,” Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol. 145, no. 10, p. 04019073, Oct. 2019, doi: 10.1061/(asce)gt.1943-5606.0002074.

AFNOR, “Norme franí§aise, Justification of geotechnical structures, NF P 94-262,” pp. 1-206, 2018.

ACI Committee 318 Structural Building Code, Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-11) and Commentary. 2011.

M. Shahbazi, A. B. Cerato, M. H. El Naggar, and A. Elgamal, “Evaluation of Seismic Soil-Structure Interaction of Full-Scale Grouped Helical Piles in Dense Sand,” International Journal of Geomechanics, vol. 20, no. 12, p. 04020228, 2020, doi: 10.1061/(asce)gm.1943-5622.0001876.

J. Sucasaca and E. Sí¡ez, “Topographical and structure-soil-structure interaction effects on dynamic behavior of shear-wall buildings on coastal scarp,” Engineering Structures, vol. 247, no. July, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2021.113113.

Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:

    1. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
    2. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
    3. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).