DOI : https://doi.org/10.18517/ijaseit.13.6.18674

Measurement Analysis of Non-Invasive Blood Glucose On Sensor Coplanar Waveguide Loaded Square Ring Resonator with Interdigital Coupling Capacitor

Catur Ratmoko (1), Iryanto Laisa (2), Mudrik Alaydrus (3)
(1) Electrical Department, Faculty of Engineering, Mercu Buana University, Jakarta, Indonesia
(2) College of Shipping Science, Marunda Makmur, North Jakarta, 14150, Indonesia
(3) Electrical Department, Faculty of Engineering, Mercu Buana University, Jakarta, Indonesia
Fulltext View | Download
How to cite (IJASEIT) :
[1]
C. Ratmoko, I. Laisa, and M. Alaydrus, “Measurement Analysis of Non-Invasive Blood Glucose On Sensor Coplanar Waveguide Loaded Square Ring Resonator with Interdigital Coupling Capacitor”, Int. J. Adv. Sci. Eng. Inf. Technol., vol. 13, no. 6, pp. 2088–2097, Dec. 2023.
Citation Format :
This study presents the experimental results of a system with a sensor structure detecting human blood glucose levels. A microwave-based sensor is used for non-invasive blood glucose monitoring. The sensor design uses an asymmetrically loaded CPW structure as a square ring resonator with an interdigital coupling capacitor on the ground side. Simulated with a load of artificial finger tissue made from gelatin, modeled in four layers. The first layer is the skin is the outermost tissue, the next layer is fat, blood and bone. Each layer of tissue has a certain thickness size; skin (0.3mm), fat (0.2mm), blood (1.5mm), and bone (4mm). The measurement simulation is used, HFSS as modeling simulation and VNA as a measurement of the physical representation of the design results with parametric optimization methods. To verify the correlation and the expected sensitivity, media with different dielectrics were mounted on the surface of the sensor resonator with blood glucose levels of 1mg/dl, 72mg/dl, 126mg/dl, 162mg/dl and 216mg/dl. Reflection factor S11 was observed based on dielectric constant blood glucose levels (dB) fluctuations. Analysis of the data on the graph between the independent variables, namely blood glucose concentration and the dependent variable levels of S11 has an “R” correlation value of 0.97. The sensitivity level of the sensor on the S11 reflection factor with HFSS simulation averages 73.36mdB/mgdl-1 and VNA reaches 82.39mdB/mgdl-1. The results are interesting for developing a more optimal glucose sensor system.

L. Tang, S. J. Chang, C. J. Chen, and J. T. Liu, “Non-invasive blood glucose monitoring technology: A review,” Sensors (Switzerland), vol. 20, no. 23, pp. 1-32, 2020, doi: 10.3390/s20236925.

B. K. Mekonnen, W. Yang, T. H. Hsieh, S. K. Liaw, and F. L. Yang, “Accurate prediction of glucose concentration and identification of major contributing features from hardly distinguishable near-infrared spectroscopy,” Biomed. Signal Process. Control, vol. 59, May 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.bspc.2020.101923.

A. S. Bolla and R. Priefer, “Blood glucose monitoring- an overview of current and future non-invasive devices,” Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Clin. Res. Rev., vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 739-751, Sep. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.05.016.

A. Kandwal et al., “Surface Plasmonic Feature Microwave Sensor with Highly Confined Fields for Aqueous-Glucose and Blood-Glucose Measurements,” IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. 70, 2021, doi: 10.1109/TIM.2020.3017038.

L. Malena, O. Fiser, P. R. Stauffer, T. Drizdal, J. Vrba, and D. Vrba, “Feasibility evaluation of metamaterial microwave sensors for non-invasive blood glucose monitoring,” Sensors, vol. 21, no. 20, Oct. 2021, doi: 10.3390/s21206871.

D. Oloumi, R. S. C. Winter, A. Kordzadeh, P. Boulanger, and K. Rambabu, “Microwave Imaging of Breast Tumor Using Time-Domain UWB Circular-SAR Technique,” IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging, vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 934-943, Apr. 2020, doi: 10.1109/TMI.2019.2937762.

M. K. Sharma et al., “Experimental Investigation of the Breast Phantom for Tumor Detection Using Ultra-Wide Band-MIMO Antenna Sensor (UMAS) Probe,” IEEE Sens. J., vol. 20, no. 12, pp. 6745-6752, Jun. 2020, doi: 10.1109/JSEN.2020.2977147.

X. Xiao, Q. Yu, Q. Li, H. Song, and T. Kikkawa, “Precise Non-invasive Estimation of Glucose Using UWB Microwave with Improved Neural Networks and Hybrid Optimization,” IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. 70, 2021, doi: 10.1109/TIM.2020.3010680.

A. Haider, M. U. Rahman, M. Naghshvarianjahromi, and H. S. Kim, “Time-domain investigation of switchable filter wide-band antenna for microwave breast imaging,” Sensors (Switzerland), vol. 20, no. 15. MDPI AG, pp. 1-10, Aug. 01, 2020. doi: 10.3390/s20154302.

M. C. Cebedio, L. A. Rabioglio, I. E. Gelosi, R. A. Ribas, A. J. Uriz, and J. C. Moreira, “Analysis and Design of a Microwave Coplanar Sensor for Non-Invasive Blood Glucose Measurements,” IEEE Sens. J., vol. 20, no. 18, pp. 10572-10581, Sep. 2020, doi: 10.1109/JSEN.2020.2993182.

A. E. Omer et al., “Non-Invasive Real-Time Monitoring of Glucose Level Using Novel Microwave Biosensor Based on Triple-Pole CSRR,” IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circuits Syst., 2020, doi: 10.1109/TBCAS.2020.3038589.

S. Mohammadi et al., “Gold Coplanar Waveguide Resonator Integrated with a Microfluidic Channel for Aqueous Dielectric Detection,” IEEE Sens. J., vol. 20, no. 17, pp. 9825-9833, Sep. 2020, doi: 10.1109/JSEN.2020.2991349.

S. Kiani, P. Rezaei, and M. Fakhr, “Dual-Frequency Microwave Resonant Sensor to Detect Non-invasive Glucose-Level Changes through the Fingertip,” IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. 70, 2021, doi: 10.1109/TIM.2021.3052011.

L. Hajshahvaladi, H. Kaatuzian, and M. Danaie, “A high-sensitivity refractive index biosensor based on Si nanorings coupled to plasmonic nanohole arrays for glucose detection in water solution,” Opt. Commun., vol. 502, no. August 2021, p. 127421, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.optcom.2021.127421.

M. Baghelani, Z. Abbasi, M. Daneshmand, and P. E. Light, “Non-invasive continuous-time glucose monitoring system using a chipless printable sensor based on split ring microwave resonators,” Sci. Rep., vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 1-15, 2020, doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-69547-1.

L. Su, J. Munoz-Enano, P. Velez, M. Gil-Barba, P. Casacuberta, and F. Martin, “Highly Sensitive Reflective-Mode Phase-Variation Permittivity Sensor Based on a Coplanar Waveguide Terminated with an Open Complementary Split Ring Resonator (OCSRR),” IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 27928-27944, 2021, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3058575.

A. Kumar et al., “High-sensitivity, quantified, linear and mediator-free resonator-based microwave biosensor for glucose detection,” Sensors (Switzerland), vol. 20, no. 14, pp. 1-17, Jul. 2020, doi: 10.3390/s20144024.

M. A. Zidane, A. Rouane, C. Hamouda, and H. Amar, “Hyper-sensitive microwave sensor based on split ring resonator (SRR) for glucose measurement in water,” Sensors Actuators, A Phys., vol. 321, Apr. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.sna.2021.112601.

H. R. Sun et al., “Symmetric coplanar waveguide sensor loaded with interdigital capacitor for permittivity characterization,” Int. J. RF Microw. Comput. Eng., vol. 30, no. 1, Jan. 2020, doi: 10.1002/mmce.22023.

K. Han, Y. Liu, X. Guo, Z. Jiang, N. Ye, and P. Wang, “Design, analysis and fabrication of the CPW resonator loaded by DGS and MEMS capacitors,” J. Micromechanics Microengineering, vol. 31, no. 6, Jun. 2021, doi: 10.1088/1361-6439/abf844.

K. Abdesselam et al., “A Non-Invasive Honey-Cell CSRR Glucose Sensor: Design Considerations and Modelling,” IRBM, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.irbm.2022.04.002.

H. Wang, L. Yang, X. Zhang, and M. H. Ang, “Results in Physics Permittivity , loss factor and Cole-Cole model of acrylic materials for dielectric elastomers,” Results Phys., vol. 29, p. 104781, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.rinp.2021.104781.

S. Holm, “Time domain characterization of the Cole-Cole dielectric model,” J. Electr. Bioimpedance, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 101-105, Jan. 2020, doi: 10.2478/JOEB-2020-0015.

C. Cole, “Assessment of Finger Fat Pad Effect on CSRR-Based Sensor Scattering Parameters for Non-Invasive Blood Glucose,” 2023, doi: 10.3390/s23010473.

A. Gorst, K. Zavyalova, and A. Mironchev, “Non-invasive determination of glucose concentration using a near-field sensor,” Biosensors, vol. 11, no. 3, Mar. 2021, doi: 10.3390/bios11030062.

S. Costanzo, V. Cioffi, A. M. Qureshi, and A. Borgia, “Gel-like human mimicking phantoms: Realization procedure, dielectric characterization and experimental validations on microwave wearable body sensors,” Biosensors, vol. 11, no. 4, Apr. 2021, doi: 10.3390/bios11040111.

M. Hays, S. Wojcieszak, N. Nusrat, L. E. Secondo, and E. Topsakal, “Glucose-dependent dielectric Cole-Cole models of rat blood plasma from 500 MHz to 40 GHz for millimeter-wave glucose detection,” Microw. Opt. Technol. Lett., vol. 62, no. 9, pp. 2813-2820, Sep. 2020, doi: 10.1002/mop.32371.

Z. Zhang and B. Zhang, “Omnidirectional and Efficient Wireless Power Transfer System for Logistic Robots,” IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 13683-13693, 2020, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2966225.

G. Crupi, X. Bao, O. J. Babarinde, D. M. M. P. Schreurs, and B. Nauwelaers, “Biosensor using a one-port interdigital capacitor: A resonance-based investigation of the permittivity sensitivity for microfluidic broadband bioelectronics applications,” Electron., vol. 9, no. 2, Feb. 2020, doi: 10.3390/electronics9020340.

S. Harnsoongnoen and B. Buranrat, “Advances in a Microwave Sensor-Type Interdigital Capacitor with a Hexagonal Complementary Split-Ring Resonator for Glucose Level Measurement,” Chemosensors, vol. 11, no. 4, 2023, doi: 10.3390/chemosensors11040257.

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:

    1. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
    2. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
    3. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).