DOI : https://doi.org/10.18517/ijaseit.15.1.19927

Productivity and Technical Efficiency of Organic Rice Farming in Camarines Sur, Philippines

Hanilyn A. Hidalgo (1), Renato A. Villano (2), Mae SA. Lustre (3), Keith Eduard S. Hidalgo (4)
(1) Central Bicol State University of Agriculture, San Jose, Pili, Camarines Sur, Philippines
(2) University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
(3) Central Bicol State University of Agriculture, San Jose, Pili, Camarines Sur, Philippines
(4) Ateneo de Naga University, Ateneo Avenue, Naga City, Philippines
Fulltext View | Download
How to cite (IJASEIT) :
[1]
H. A. Hidalgo, R. A. Villano, M. S. Lustre, and K. E. S. Hidalgo, “Productivity and Technical Efficiency of Organic Rice Farming in Camarines Sur, Philippines”, Int. J. Adv. Sci. Eng. Inf. Technol., vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 223–230, Feb. 2025.
Citation Format :
Producing an optimum supply level is a critical barrier in the chain flow of organic rice.  Low productivity is one of the main reasons rice farms cannot quickly address the market requirement for organic rice. The paper aimed to assess the productivity and technical efficiency of the organic rice farms in Camarines Sur and explore the factors affecting the yield of organic rice. By exploring the performance of organic rice farms in the province, this study provides empirical evidence to develop an economically effective farming system that will boost productivity at the farm level. Using farm-level data from 60 certified organic rice farms collected over four cropping seasons, we adopt the stochastic production analysis framework to analyze the productivity and technical efficiency determinants of certified organic farming households in Camarines Sur, Philippines. The results showed significant evidence of variations in farmers' productivity and further improvement opportunities. The average technical efficiency is 0.75, ranging from 0.30 to 0.96. Labor availability, capital, and area planted to organic rice were the main factors affecting overall productivity. Results also highlighted the importance of access to irrigation, availability of full-time labor, and farming experience in improving farmer's technical efficiency. The findings of this study reinforce the need for a deeper understanding of the role of government, particularly in increasing investment in agricultural training and rural education, in agricultural production of smallholder farming households, and in the provision of support mechanisms for enabling improvement in the organic rice industry.

S. J. Rachmawatie, E. Purwanto, A. T. Sakya, and W. S. Dewi, “Increasing Fe content in rice plants with the application of liquid fertilizer from Moringa oleifera and golden snail,” Int. J. Adv. Sci. Eng. Inf. Technol., vol. 13, no. 6, pp. 1–10, 2023, doi:10.18517/ijaseit.13.6.18501.

F. Giampieri et al., “Organic vs conventional plant-based foods: A review,” Food Chem., vol. 383, p. 132352, 2022, doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132352.

N. Shah, P. Shah, and M. Patel, “Pricing decisions with the effect of advertisement and greening efforts for a greengrocer,” Sustainability, vol. 14, no. 21, p. 13807, 2022, doi: 10.3390/su142113807.

Y. Yu, Y. He, and X. Zhao, “Impact of demand information sharing on organic farming adoption: An evolutionary game approach,” Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change, vol. 172, p. 121001, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121001.

V. Haider, F. Essl, K. P. Zulka, and S. Schindler, “Achieving transformative change in food consumption in Austria: A survey on opportunities and obstacles,” Sustainability, vol. 14, no. 14, p. 8685, 2022, doi: 10.3390/su14148685.

C. Bergman and M. Pandhi, “Organic rice production practices: Effects on grain end-use quality, healthfulness, and safety,” Foods, vol. 12, no. 1, p. 73, 2023, doi: 10.3390/foods12010073.

R. Yuan, S. Jin, and W. Wu, “Interactive effects of information and trust on consumer choices of organic food: Evidence from China,” Appetite, vol. 192, p. 107115, 2024, doi:10.1016/j.appet.2023.107115.

P. Y. Vélez-Terreros, D. Romero-Estévez, G. S. Yánez-Jácome, K. Simbaña-Farinango, and H. Navarrete, “Comparison of major nutrients and minerals between organic and conventional tomatoes: A review,” J. Food Compos. Anal., vol. 103, p. 103922, 2021, doi:10.1016/j.jfca.2021.103922.

Y. C. Chang, Y. H. Luh, and M. F. Hsieh, “Economic effects of sustainable agri-food production in Taiwan: Does spatial agglomeration make a difference?,” Br. Food J., vol. 125, no. 12, pp. 1–15, 2023, doi: 10.1108/BFJ-10-2022-0879.

O. Hérique and N. Faysse, “A large-scale public programme to promote organic rice farming in Thailand: Building solid foundations to enable farmers to engage?,” Org. Agric., vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 1–15, 2021, doi: 10.1007/s13165-020-00320-4.

C. Benbrook, S. Kegley, and B. Baker, “Organic farming lessens reliance on pesticides and promotes public health by lowering dietary risks,” Agronomy, vol. 11, no. 7, p. 1266, 2021, doi:10.3390/agronomy11071266.

T. T. K. Ho et al., “Compost to improve sustainable soil cultivation and crop productivity,” Case Stud. Chem. Environ. Eng., vol. 6, p. 100211, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.cscee.2022.100211.

P. Liu et al., “Manure substitution with appropriate N rate enhanced the soil quality, crop productivity and net ecosystem economic benefit: A sustainable rainfed wheat practice,” Field Crops Res., vol. 304, p. 109164, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.fcr.2023.109164.

S. Tian et al., “Organic fertilization promotes crop productivity through changes in soil aggregation,” Soil Biol. Biochem., vol. 165, p. 108533, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2021.108533.

M. C. Manna et al., “Organic farming: A prospect for food, environment and livelihood security in Indian agriculture,” Adv. Agron., vol. 170, pp. 1–50, 2021, doi: 10.1016/bs.agron.2021.06.003.

M. E. S. Piadozo, F. A. Lantican, I. M. Pabuayon, A. R. Quicoy, A. M. Suyat, and P. K. B. Maghirang, “Rice farmers’ concept and awareness of organic agriculture: Implications for sustainability of Philippine organic agriculture program,” J. Int. Soc. Southeast Asian Agric. Sci., vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 1–10, 2014.

E. Istiyanti, S. U. Badriyah, and R. R. Rachman, “Production and marketing of semi-organic rice in Bantul Regency, Special Region of Yogyakarta,” in E3S Web Conf., vol. 316, p. 02038, 2021, doi:10.1051/e3sconf/202131602038.

R. Mazhar et al., “Contract farming and technical efficiency: A case of export-oriented organic rice farmers in Pakistan,” Land, vol. 11, no. 11, p. 1953, 2022, doi: 10.3390/land11111953.

T. Amelia, E. Eliza, and S. Edwina, “Analysis of income of organic rice farmers in Nagari Kamang Mudiak Village, Kamang Magek Sub-District, Agam Regency, West Sumatera,” J. Agribus. Community Empower., vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 1–10, 2021, doi: 10.32530/jace.v4i2.296.

G. S. Samidjo, B. H. Isnawan, and Triyono, “Implementation of organic rice cultivation to realize sustainable agriculture,” Appl. Ecol. Environ. Res., vol. 21, no. 5, pp. 4943–4955, 2023, doi:10.15666/aeer/2105_49434955.

Sujianto et al., “Farmers’ perception, awareness, and constraints of organic rice farming in Indonesia,” Open Agric., vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 1–10, 2022, doi: 10.1515/opag-2022-0090.

T. C. Mendoza, “Evaluating the benefits of organic farming in rice agroecosystems in the Philippines,” J. Sustain. Agric., vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 1–20, 2004, doi: 10.1300/J064v24n02_09.

A. S. Panwar et al., “Effect of organic farming on the restoration of soil quality, ecosystem services, and productivity in rice–wheat agro-ecosystems,” Front. Environ. Sci., vol. 10, p. 972394, 2022, doi:10.3389/fenvs.2022.972394.

J. Liu et al., “Long-term organic fertilizer substitution increases rice yield by improving soil properties and regulating soil bacteria,” Geoderma, vol. 404, p. 115287, 2021, doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2021.115287.

E. Amirahmadi et al., “Environmental life cycle assessment in organic and conventional rice farming systems: Using a cradle to farm gate approach,” Sustainability, vol. 14, no. 23, p. 15870, 2022, doi:10.3390/su142315870.

N. Arunrat, S. Sereenonchai, and C. Wang, “Carbon footprint and predicting the impact of climate change on carbon sequestration ecosystem services of organic rice farming and conventional rice farming: A case study in Phichit province, Thailand,” J. Environ. Manage., vol. 289, p. 112458, 2021, doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112458.

Z. Ferdous, F. Zulfiqar, A. Datta, A. K. Hasan, and A. Sarker, “Potential and challenges of organic agriculture in Bangladesh: A review,” J. Crop Improv., vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 1–20, 2021, doi:10.1080/15427528.2020.1824951.

M. G. I. Sonico, “Insect diversity in an organic rice farm in Brgy. Langkong, M’lang, North Cotabato, Philippines,” Southeastern Philippines J. Res. Dev., vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 1–10, 2022, doi:10.53899/spjrd.v27i1.189.

S. H. T. Mamora, “Floristic composition and diversity of weeds in organic rice fields in Langkong, M’lang, Cotabato,” Southeastern Philippines J. Res. Dev., vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 1–10, 2021, doi:10.53899/spjrd.v26i1.123.

K. Kashiwagi and H. Kamiyama, “Effect of adoption of organic farming on technical efficiency of olive-growing farms: Empirical evidence from West Bank of Palestine,” Agric. Food Econ., vol. 11, no. 1, p. 16, 2023, doi: 10.1186/s40100-023-00266-7.

L. Liu, H. Li, S. Zhu, Y. Gao, X. Zheng, and Y. Xu, “The response of agronomic characters and rice yield to organic fertilization in subtropical China: A three-level meta-analysis,” Field Crops Res., vol. 263, p. 108049, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.fcr.2020.108049.

I. Khan et al., “Organic amendments improved the productivity and bio-fortification of fine rice by improving physiological responses and nutrient homeostasis under salinity stress,” Plants, vol. 12, no. 8, p. 1644, 2023, doi: 10.3390/plants12081644.

S. S. Hidayat, D. Rahmawati, M. C. Ardi Prabowo, L. Triyono, and F. T. Putri, “Determining the rice seeds quality using convolutional neural network,” Int. J. Inform. Vis., vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 1–10, 2023, doi:10.30630/joiv.7.2.1175.

N. Kusumaningsih, “The technical efficiency of rice farming and mobile phone usage: A stochastic frontier analysis,” Food Res., vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 1–10, 2023, doi: 10.26656/fr.2017.7(1).595.

A. Haryanto, S. P. Adi, S. Suharyatun, F. K. Wisnu, and M. Telaumbanua, “Performance and prospects of mobile rice mill unit,” Int. J. Adv. Sci. Eng. Inf. Technol., vol. 12, no. 5, pp. 1–10, 2022, doi: 10.18517/ijaseit.12.5.15001.

N. T. T. Hien, H. T. Tam, K. Shimada, H. H. Anh, N. Van Cuong, and L. C. Tru, “Technical efficiency of sustainable and conventional rice farming: Evidence from the Mekong Delta of Vietnam,” Chem. Eng. Trans., vol. 106, pp. 1–6, 2023, doi: 10.3303/CET23106058.

L. C. Bich Tho and C. Umetsu, “Sustainable farming techniques and farm size for rice smallholders in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta: A slack-based technical efficiency approach,” Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., vol. 326, p. 107775, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.agee.2021.107775.

N. C. Dinh, T. Mizunoya, V. H. Ha, P. X. Hung, N. Q. Tan, and L. T. An, “Factors influencing farmer intentions to scale up organic rice farming: Preliminary findings from the context of agricultural production in Central Vietnam,” Asia-Pac. J. Reg. Sci., vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 1–20, 2023, doi: 10.1007/s41685-023-00279-6.

R. B. S. Chandel, A. Khan, X. Li, and X. Xia, “Farm-level technical efficiency and its determinants of rice production in Indo-Gangetic Plains: A stochastic frontier model approach,” Sustainability, vol. 14, no. 4, p. 2267, 2022, doi: 10.3390/su14042267.

X. Zhu, C. Li, and H. Zhou, “Cost changes and technical efficiency of grain production in China against a background of rising factor prices,” Sustainability, vol. 14, no. 19, p. 12852, 2022, doi:10.3390/su141912852.

M. Mivumbi and X. Yuan, “Sustainable environmental economics in farmers’ production factors via irrigation resources utilization using technical efficiency and allocative efficiency,” Sustainability, vol. 15, no. 5, p. 4101, 2023, doi: 10.3390/su15054101.

G. E. Battese and T. J. Coelli, “A model for technical inefficiency effects in a stochastic frontier production function for panel data,” Empir. Econ., vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 325–332, 1995, doi:10.1007/BF01205442.

D. Aigner, C. A. K. Lovell, and P. Schmidt, “Reprint of: Formulation and estimation of stochastic frontier production function models,” J. Econom., vol. 234, pp. 1–20, 2023, doi:10.1016/j.jeconom.2023.01.023.

W. Meeusen and J. van Den Broeck, “Efficiency estimation from Cobb-Douglas production functions with composed error,” Int. Econ. Rev., vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 435–444, 1977, doi: 10.2307/2525757.

S. S. Dhaliwal et al., “Residual effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers on growth, yield and nutrient uptake in wheat under a basmati rice–wheat cropping system in North-Western India,” Agriculture, vol. 13, no. 3, p. 556, 2023, doi:10.3390/agriculture13030556.

X. Zhao, J. Li, X. Hu, B. Hu, G. Chu, and R. Tao, “Three decades of organic manure and chemical fertilizers co-application enhanced rice productivity through increasing the diversity and key network module of soil bacterial community,” J. Soils Sediments, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 1–15, 2023, doi: 10.1007/s11368-023-03477-z.

K. Giannakas, K. C. Tran, and V. Tzouvelekas, “On the choice of functional form in stochastic frontier modeling,” Empir. Econ., vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 1–20, 2003, doi: 10.1007/s001810100120.

G. E. Battese and S. S. Broca, “Functional forms of stochastic frontier production functions and models for technical inefficiency effects: A comparative study for wheat farmers in Pakistan,” J. Prod. Anal., vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 1–20, 1997, doi: 10.1023/A:1007736025686.

R. J. Kopp and V. K. Smith, “Frontier production function estimates for steam electric generation: A comparative analysis,” South. Econ. J., vol. 46, no. 4, pp. 1–20, 1980, doi: 10.2307/1057240.

M. Ahmad and B. E. Bravo-Ureta, “Technical efficiency measures for dairy farms using panel data: A comparison of alternative model specifications,” J. Prod. Anal., vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 1–20, 1996, doi:10.1007/BF00162049.

C. J. O’Donnell, “An aggregate quantity framework for measuring and decomposing productivity change,” J. Prod. Anal., vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 1–20, 2012, doi: 10.1007/s11123-012-0275-1.

R. Villano, B. O. Asante, and B. Bravo-Ureta, “Farming systems and productivity gaps: Opportunities for improving smallholder performance in the Forest-Savannah transition zone of Ghana,” Land Use Policy, vol. 82, pp. 1–20, 2019, doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.12.010.

G. Greer, W. Kaye-Blake, E. Zellman, and C. Parsonson-Ensor, “Comparison of the financial performance of organic and conventional farms,” J. Org. Syst., vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 1–20, 2008.

Muhardi and Effendy, “Technical efficiency and the factors that affect it in rice production in Indonesia,” Asian J. Agric. Rural Dev., vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 230–235, 2021, doi:10.18488/journal.ajard.2021.113.230.235.

E. Istiyanti, R. Wulandari, and I. Widowati, “Technical efficiency of semi-organic rice farming in Sleman Regency, Special Region of Yogyakarta,” in E3S Web Conf., vol. 316, p. 02047, 2021, doi:10.1051/e3sconf/202131602047.

R. Villano, B. Bravo-Ureta, D. Solís, and E. Fleming, “Modern rice technologies and productivity in the Philippines: Disentangling technology from managerial gaps,” J. Agric. Econ., vol. 66, no. 1, pp. 129–154, 2015, doi: 10.1111/1477-9552.12081.

A. Narendar, N. Hanani, and S. Syafrial, “Technical efficiency of organic rice in Sumberngepoh Village, Lawang Sub-District, Malang District,” Agric. Soc. Econ. J., vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 1–10, 2021, doi:10.21776/ub.agrise.2020.021.4.7.

T. M. Cao, S. H. Lee, and J. Y. Lee, “The impact of natural disasters and pest infestations on technical efficiency in rice production: A study in Vietnam,” Sustainability, vol. 15, no. 15, p. 11633, 2023, doi:10.3390/su151511633.

F. Li, K. Zhang, J. Ren, C. Yin, Y. Zhang, and J. Nie, “Driving mechanism for farmers to adopt improved agricultural systems in China: The case of rice-green manure crops rotation system,” Agric. Syst., vol. 192, p. 103202, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.agsy.2021.103202.

C. Vasconcelos et al., “Teaching sustainable development goals to university students: A cross-country case-based study,” Sustainability, vol. 14, no. 3, p. 1593, 2022, doi: 10.3390/su14031593.

M. Kamruzzaman, K. A. Daniell, A. Chowdhury, and S. Crimp, “The role of extension and advisory services in strengthening farmers’ innovation networks to adapt to climate extremes,” Sustainability, vol. 13, no. 4, p. 1941, 2021, doi: 10.3390/su13041941.

C. F. Lu and C. Y. Cheng, “Exploring the distribution of organic farming: Findings from certified rice in Taiwan,” Ecol. Econ., vol. 212, p. 107915, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2023.107915.

M. N. E. A. Siddique, L. A. Lobry de Bruyn, Y. Osanai, and C. N. Guppy, “Determining the role of land resource, cropping and management practices in soil organic carbon status of rice-based cropping systems,” Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., vol. 344, p. 108302, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.agee.2022.108302.

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:

    1. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
    2. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
    3. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).