DOI : https://doi.org/10.18517/ijaseit.14.6.20549

Two Uncoating Techniques for Measuring Cold-Formed Steel Residual Stress Using Cos-α X-ray Diffraction Method

Tri Widya Swastika (1), Heru Purnomo (2), Henki Wibowo Ashadi (3), Muhammad Refai Muslih (4), Rifky Apriansyah (5), Mohd Syahrul Hisyam bin Mohd Sani (6)
(1) Civil Engineering Department, Universitas Indonesia, Jl. Lingkar, Depok, Indonesia
(2) Civil Engineering Department, Universitas Indonesia, Jl. Lingkar, Depok, Indonesia
(3) Civil Engineering Department, Universitas Indonesia, Jl. Lingkar, Depok, Indonesia
(4) Neutron Scattering Lab. PRTDRAN-BRIN, Serpong, Indonesia
(5) Neutron Scattering Lab. PRTDRAN-BRIN, Serpong, Indonesia
(6) Civil Engineering Studies, Collage of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Pahang, Malaysia
Fulltext View | Download
How to cite (IJASEIT) :
Swastika, Tri Widya, et al. “Two Uncoating Techniques for Measuring Cold-Formed Steel Residual Stress Using Cos-α X-Ray Diffraction Method”. International Journal on Advanced Science, Engineering and Information Technology, vol. 14, no. 6, Dec. 2024, pp. 2008-17, doi:10.18517/ijaseit.14.6.20549.
Citation Format :
The cold-bending effect during the roll-forming process may affect the material's mechanical properties and induce residual stress in the cold-formed steel sections. Cos-α X-ray Diffraction is an appropriate method for measuring residual stress in cold-formed steel due to the materials' thinness. This method also offers excellent precision and simplicity. However, the limited penetrating ability of X-rays, which extend only a few microns, significantly hinders the measurement of residual stresses in cold-formed steel when coatings are present. Therefore, this study will implement two uncoating or de-coating techniques for measuring residual stress using the cos-α X-ray Diffraction method on the surface of cold-formed steel with a 50 μm layer of aluminum-zinc coating. These techniques include water sanding and chemical solutions. Two procedures are performed for the chemical solution: the first procedure combines a 25% hydrochloric acid (HCl) solution with a 25% ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH) solution, while the second procedure uses only a 25% hydrochloric acid (HCl) solution. This study demonstrates that the second procedure effectively removes the surface coating from cold-formed steel and provides a good classification of cos-α X-ray Diffraction intensity data related to the Debye-Scherrer ring. A combination of 25% hydrochloric acid (HCl) and 25% ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH) solution results in a mediocre classification. On the other hand, the water sanding technique produced more bad classifications. Furthermore, the key to the success of the cos-α X-ray Diffraction method is removing the coating from the cold-formed steel.

G. J. Hancock, “Design of Cold-Formed Steel Structures (to AS/ANZ 4600:2005)”. Australian Steel Institute, 2007.

D. Dubina, Viorel Ungureanu, and Raffaele Landolfo, “Design of Cold-formed Steel Structures”, 1st ed. ECCS – European Convention for Constructional Steelwork, Wiley-Blackwell: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2012.

W.-W. Yu and R. LaBoube, Cold-Formed Steel Design, 4th ed. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2010.

W. M. Quach, "Residual stresses in cold-formed steel sections and their effect on column behaviour," Aug. 2005.

D. Cooper, Sheet Metal Forming, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA, 2015. [Online]. Available: http://web.mit.edu/2.810/www/files/lectures/2015_lectures/lec6-sheet-metal-forming-2015.pdf

L. R. Daniels, “The Influence Of Residual Stress Due To Cold Bending On Thin-Walled Open Sections,” 1969.

L. Ingvarsson, “Scholars’ Mine Scholars’ Mine Cold-forming Residual Stresses Effect on Buckling Cold-forming Residual Stresses Effect on Buckling,” 1975. [Online]. Available: https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/isccss/3iccfss/3iccfss-session1/4

A. Niku-Lari, “Advances in Surface Treatment: technology - applications – effects”. Residual Stress., vol. 5. Pergamon Press, 1966.

C. C. Weng and T. Pekoz, “Residual Stresses in Cold‐Formed Steel Members,” Journal of Structural Engineering, vol. 116, no. 6, pp. 1611–1625, Jun. 1990, doi: 10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(1990)116:6(1611).

G. Roy, M. A. Mohamedien, G. Roy’, and D. Polyzois, “Scholars’ Mine Scholars’ Mine Residual Stresses in Cold Formed Steel Sections,” 1994.

W. M. Quach, J. G. Teng, and K. F. Chung, “Residual stresses in steel sheets due to coiling and uncoiling: a closed-form analytical solution,” Engineering Structures, vol. 26, no. 9, pp. 1249–1259, Jul. 2004, doi:10.1016/j.engstruct.2004.04.005.

A. Abvabi, “Effect of Residual Stress in Roll Forming Process of Metal Sheets,” Deakin University, 2014.

V. Dive and S. Lakade, “Recent Research Progress on Residual Stress Measurement Using Non-Destructive Testing,” Materials Today: Proceedings, vol. 47, pp. 3282–3287, 2021, doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2021.07.094.

C. D. S. Souto, A. Menghini, A. Díaz, J. M. Manso, A. M. P. de Jesus, and C. A. Castiglioni, “Determination of manufacturing residual stresses in cold-formed thin-walled steel profiles,” Thin-Walled Structures, vol. 180, p. 109945, Nov. 2022, doi:10.1016/j.tws.2022.109945.

T. R. Gupta, S. S. Sidhu, J. K. Katiyar, and H. S. Payal, “Measurements of lattice strain in cold-rolled CR4 steel sheets using X-ray diffraction,” Materials Science and Engineering: B, vol. 264, p. 114930, Feb. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.mseb.2020.114930.

J. Liu, H. Fang, S. Chen, and T.-M. Chan, “Material properties and residual stresses of high strength steel hexagonal hollow sections,” Journal of Constructional Steel Research, vol. 190, p. 107061, Mar. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.jcsr.2021.107061.

J. Liu, H. Fang, and T.-M. Chan, “Investigations on material properties and residual stresses in cold-formed high strength steel irregular hexagonal hollow sections,” Thin-Walled Structures, vol. 176, p. 109220, Jul. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.tws.2022.109220.

M. Jandera, L. Gardner, and J. Machacek, “Residual stresses in cold-rolled stainless steel hollow sections,” Journal of Constructional Steel Research, vol. 64, no. 11, pp. 1255–1263, Nov. 2008, doi:10.1016/j.jcsr.2008.07.022.

B. W. Schafer and T. Pekoz, “Geometric Imperfections and Residual Stresses for Use in the Analytical Modeling of Cold-Formed Steel Members,” 1996.

C. D. Moen, T. Igusa, and B. W. Schafer, “Prediction of residual stresses and strains in cold-formed steel members,” Thin-Walled Structures, vol. 46, no. 11, pp. 1274–1289, Nov. 2008, doi:10.1016/j.tws.2008.02.002.

R. B. Cruise and L. Gardner, “Residual stress analysis of structural stainless steel sections,” Journal of Constructional Steel Research, vol. 64, no. 3, pp. 352–366, Mar. 2008, doi:10.1016/j.jcsr.2007.08.001.

H. Queen and J. Van Velsor, “Novel Electromagnetic Sensors to Monitor Stress Levels in Reinforced Concrete,” 2012.

A. Civín, M. Vlk, P. Navrátil, and M. Matug, “Ring-Core Residual Stress Measurement: Analysis of Depth Increment Distribution for Integral Equation Method,” 2011.

I. Bobrov, J. Epp, and H.-W Zoch, “Micromagnetic Analysis of Residual Stress Distribution in 42CrMo4 Steel after Thermal and Mechanical Surface Treatment,” Residual Stresses 2018, vol. 6, pp. 109–114, Sep. 2018, doi: 10.21741/9781945291890-18.

G. Petrucci and M. Scafidi, “S104 A New Procedure for the Evaluation of Residual Stresses by the Hole Drilling Method Based on Newton-Raphson Technique,” Powder Diffraction, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 184–184, Jun. 2008, doi: 10.1154/1.2951777.

S. Lestari, “Residual Stress Measurements of Unblasted and Sandblasted Mild Steel Specimens Using X-Ray Diffraction, Strain-Gage Hole Drilling, and Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry (ESPI) Hole Drilling Methods,” 2004.

J. A. Yerman, W. C. Kroenke, and W. H. Long, “Accuracy Evaluation of Residual Stress,” May 1996.

G. S. Schajer, Practical Residual Stress Measurement Methods. Wiley, 2013.

J. Guo, “Methods of Residual Stress Measurement,” Dec. 2018, doi:10.32545/encyclopedia201812.0002.v1.

A. Díaz, I. I. Cuesta, J. M. Alegre, A. M. P. de Jesus, and J. M. Manso, “Residual stresses in cold-formed steel members: Review of measurement methods and numerical modelling,” Thin-Walled Structures, vol. 159, p. 107335, Feb. 2021, doi:10.1016/j.tws.2020.107335.

K. Tanaka, “The cosα method for X-ray residual stress measurement using two-dimensional detector,” Mechanical Engineering Reviews, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 18-00378-18–00378, 2019, doi: 10.1299/mer.18-00378.

M. Jandera and J. Machacek, “Residual Stresses and Strength of Hollow Stainless-Steel SECTIONS,” 2007. [Online]. Available: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268358021

S. and M. Deveci, “Types of Residual Stresses,” Theory and Technology of Quenching, B. Liscic, H.M. Tensi, and W. Luty (Eds.), Springer-Verlag, New York, 1992.

L. Tong, G. Hou, Y. Chen, F. Zhou, K. Shen, and A. Yang, “Experimental investigation on longitudinal residual stresses for cold-formed thick-walled square hollow sections,” Journal of Constructional Steel Research, vol. 73, pp. 105–116, Jun. 2012, doi:10.1016/j.jcsr.2012.02.004.

F. Wang, J. Yang, I. Azim, L. Bai, and Y. Ma, “Experimental and numerical evaluations of the distribution and effect of roll-forming residual stress on CFS sigma beams,” Journal of Constructional Steel Research, vol. 167, p. 105978, Apr. 2020, doi:10.1016/j.jcsr.2020.105978.

M. Andurkar et al., “Residual Stress Measurements via X-ray Diffraction Cos α Method on Various Heat-Treated Inconel 625 Specimens Fabricated via Laser-Powder Bed Fusion,” 2021.

T. Widya Swastika, H. Purnomo, M. R. Muslih, R. Apriansyah, H. W. Ashadi, and M. Orientilize, “Residual Stress Evaluation on Cold-Formed Steel C-Section by X-Ray Diffraction,” Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Rehabilitation and Maintenance in Civil Engineering, pp. 1057–1066, Jul. 2022, doi: 10.1007/978-981-16-9348-9_93.

T. W. Swastika, H. Purnomo, R. Apriansyah, and M. R. Muslih, “Cold-formed section residual stress determination using cos-alpha x-ray diffraction technique and elastic stress – Strain relations,” International Conference on Nuclear Science, Technology, and Applications – ICONSTA 2022, vol. 2967, p. 090005, 2024, doi: 10.1063/5.0193370.

ASTM International, ASTM E1558-09(2014) Standard Guide for Electrolytic Polishing of Metallographic Specimens. 2014.

Rigaku, Smart site RS portable stress analyzer: Instruction Manual. 2020.

S. Yasukawa, “X-ray stress analysis technique using the optimization of d 0 with error term Direct Refinement Solution (DRS) method,” Rigaku Journal, vol. 32, no. 2, p. 2016, 2016.

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:

    1. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
    2. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
    3. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).